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Article History

Received: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 15 February 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using a publicly available and fully anonymized brain MRI dataset obtained from the Kaggle repository. The dataset does not contain any personally identifiable information, and no human subjects were directly involved in the data collection process by the authors. As a result, formal ethical approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required for this research.

: Not applicable. The study exclusively relies on secondary data that are publicly accessible and anonymized. No direct interaction with human participants was involved, and therefore informed consent to participate was not required.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not include any individual-level data, images, or information that could identify specific subjects. All results are reported in an aggregated manner using publicly available datasets.

: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.