Document is current

Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This research did not involve human participants, animal experiments, or clinical trials. All datasets used (ScienceQA, TQA, and EdNet) are openly accessible and have been previously released with appropriate ethical clearance by their original creators. Not applicable. The study relies solely on publicly available, anonymized datasets and does not involve direct interaction with human participants.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or case details).

: The authors declare no competing interests.