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Article History

Received: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study does not involve human participants, animals, or any clinical interventions. All experiments were performed using publicly available benchmark datasets; therefore, ethical approval was not required. Not applicable. This research does not include direct involvement of human subjects.

: Not applicable. No identifiable personal data or individual participant information is reported in this manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.