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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study analyzes publicly available online texts from The Guardian and X (formerly Twitter). No human participants were recruited for this research, and no direct interaction or intervention with individuals occurred. The study involved computational analysis of publicly accessible discourse data that users voluntarily published with public visibility settings. Under the institutional research policies governing analysis of public texts, this type of research does not require ethics board approval. All data collection procedures complied with platform terms of service and applicable data protection regulations. No personal identifiers beyond publicly displayed usernames were collected, and no individual users are identified in the reported findings.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants. The research analyzed publicly available textual content that was already published online by users who voluntarily made their content publicly accessible. No recruitment, interaction, or data collection from human subjects occurred as part of this research.

: Not applicable. This study did not collect any data requiring individual consent to publish. All analyzed content consists of publicly available texts from journalistic sources and social media platforms where users published content with public visibility settings. No individual users are identified in the manuscript, and all discourse excerpts are presented in anonymized form consistent with research ethics standards for analysis of public online discourse.

: The author declares that there are no competing interests, financial or otherwise, related to this research. The author has no affiliations with organizations or entities with financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.