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Article History

Received: 21 September 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 5 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This research involves the analysis of publicly available video datasets (UCF101, HMDB51, and Kinetics-400) for human action recognition. It does not involve any direct experiments with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Therefore, ethical approval is not applicable. This study relies solely on open-source benchmark datasets where informed consent was obtained by the original creators or the data is publicly available.

: Not applicable. The data used in this research are from anonymous public benchmarks and do not contain any personally identifiable information requiring separate consent to publish.

: The authors declare no competing interests.