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Article History

Received: 26 July 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Boards at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the University of Texas Southwestern independently reviewed the study and determined that it did not meet the regulatory definition of human subjects research under The Common Rule 45 CFR 46. The analysis used an existing, deidentified survey dataset collected in the course of routine health system operations. The IRBs determined that ethics approval was not required and waived the requirement for ethical approval. The Institutional Review Boards at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the University of Texas Southwestern determined that the study did not involve human subjects and waived the requirement for informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Robert W. Turer, (Texas Health Resources Clinical Scholars Program), Bryan D. Steitz (National Institute on Aging [5K01AG083133]), Qingxia Chen (Vanderbilt University Medical Center internal funding), Allison B. McCoy (Site PI for Care Transitions App for Patients with Multiple Chronic Conditions [R01 HS 028007], Site PI for Bytes to Bedside; Collaborative Development for Translational Clinical Decision Support [UG3 TR 004803]), Catherine Chen (SCCM Discovery Research Grant (start January 2024), Vice Chair of Patient and Family Education Committee of the American Thoracic Society), Justin F. Rousseau (Closing the loop with an automatic referral population and summarization system [R01LM014306], Advancing Digital Biomarkers and Analytics for Cognitive Impairment with Mobile and Wearable Sensing (TechSANS) [R01AG077017], UT Southwestern Center for Translational Medicine (CTSA) [UL1TR003163], Texas Childhood Trauma Research Network (TX-CTRN), Advancing the Early Psychosis Intervention Network in Texas (EPINET-TX) [R01MH120599], A Network Science Approach to Conflicts of Interest (COINMet) [R01GM141476], Federal Loan Repayment Program Award [L30TR002103]).