Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. The study utilised an openly accessible public dataset containing fully anonymized learning-behavior records. The study used publicly available anonymized secondary data and did not involve direct interaction with human participants.

: Not applicable, as no identifiable human data were used in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.