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Article History

Received: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study used de-identified secondary administrative data (containing no personally identifiable information) and did not involve direct interaction with human participants. All data used were obtained and analyzed in accordance with ethical research standards. This study uses de-identified and desensitized secondary data of higher education management, and no direct participation of human subjects is involved.

: Not applicable. This study does not involve the publication of personal identifying information or individual participant data that requires specific consent to publish.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable. (This study is not a clinical trial, so no clinical trial registration details are required.)