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Article History

Received: 9 January 2026

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve clinical experiments, human subjects testing, or medical intervention. The dataset consists of outdoor road-scene images collected in public spaces within Kampala, Uganda. Images were captured from publicly accessible locations where no expectation of privacy exists. No personally identifiable information was intentionally collected, and the study complied with institutional research and ethical guidelines for non-interventional computer vision research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.