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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee for Human Research (Record No. HE673445, IRB No. IRB00012791, approved on December 24, 2024). The study was conducted in accordance with the Belmont Report and GCP in Social and Behavioral Research guidelines. The study involved no deception, no physical risk, and no coercive participation. Student participation was entirely voluntary and had no bearing on course grades or academic standing. All data were anonymized prior to analysis and stored on encrypted university servers compliant with Thailand’s Personal Data Protection Act [ ]. AI-generated content was audited biweekly for demographic bias by a faculty reviewer independent of the research team. All participants provided informed consent prior to their participation in the study. Participants were informed of the study’s purpose, procedures, data use, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence to their academic standing. All personally identifiable information was removed from datasets before analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare the use of Generative AI technologies in the following aspects of this work: 1. Research Implementation: The GPT-4o model was utilized as the core component of the AI-driven adaptive curriculum system developed in this study. The model was integrated with the Learning Management System (LMS) to generate personalized learning materials, quizzes, and feedback for students in real time. 2. Writing Assistance: Claude AI (Anthropic) was used to assist with language editing, grammar checking, and improving the clarity of the manuscript. The authors have reviewed, verified, and edited all AI-assisted content to ensure accuracy and integrity. The authors take full responsibility for the final content of this publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.