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Authors
Cui, Yulu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Project of Jilin Provincial Department of Education (JJKH20260571SK)
Research and Practice Project of Teaching Reform in Higher Education of Henan Province (2024SJGLX0383，2024SJGLX0552)
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 2 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the School of Educational Science, Xinyang Normal University.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed of the study objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the strict confidentiality of data storage. Completion and submission of the online questionnaire were considered as implied consent to participate. Participants could withdraw at any time by closing the browser.
: Not applicable. This study analyzed aggregated, anonymized survey data only. No individual identifiable information, personal narratives, or case details are included in the manuscript. Participants were not individually identifiable from the data presented.
