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Article History

Received: 26 November 2025

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Graduate Studies Research Committee of Bataan Peninsula State University as part of the author’s doctoral dissertation requirements. The study complied with institutional research ethics guidelines and the Philippine Data Privacy Act of 2012. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed of the study’s purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

: The author confirms that the manuscript does not contain any identifiable individual data, and all participants consented to the use of anonymized responses for research and publication purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.