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Article History

Received: 28 January 2026

Accepted: 23 April 2026

First Online: 10 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Kyambogo University Research Ethics Committee. All methods were performed in accordance with the WMA Declaration of Helsinki (2013), the CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans (2016), and the UNCST National Guidelines for Research involving Humans as Research Participants (July 2014). The requirement for informed consent for study participation was waived by the Kyambogo University Research Ethics Committee because the research involved retrospective analysis of fully anonymised secondary data, posed minimal risk to participants, and involved no direct interaction with human subjects. For participants under 16 years of age, the ethics committee waiver similarly applied to the use of de-identified routine antenatal care records; therefore, parental or legally authorised representative informed consent was not required for this secondary analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.