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Article History

Received: 8 February 2026

Accepted: 8 May 2026

First Online: 18 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This study received ethical exemption approval from the Mahidol University Central Institutional Review Board (MU-CIRB) under Protocol No. MU-CIRB 2024/396.1510, and a Certificate of Exemption (COE No. MU-CIRB 2024/153.0711) was issued on 7 November 2024. The research complies fully with international ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki, The Belmont Report, CIOMS Guidelines, and ICH-GCP.

: This research involved only an online questionnaire survey without any biological samples or clinical interventions. All participants were informed about the study objectives and were required to indicate their consent before proceeding. The questionnaire included the following consent statement: “I hereby consent to provide my information through this questionnaire for data collection and analysis to achieve the objectives of the above-mentioned research. I consent. I do not consent”. Participants who selected “I do not consent” were unable to access or complete the survey. All participants provided informed consent to participate in this survey.

: Not applicable, as the data were collected anonymously and do not allow identification of individual participants.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve a clinical trial or any medical intervention.