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Article History

Received: 1 March 2026

Accepted: 19 June 2026

First Online: 28 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using publicly available data from X (formerly Twitter) and did not involve direct interaction with human participants, recruitment, or the collection of biological samples. All data was accessed in accordance with X’s Developer Policy and Terms of Service. As the research involved only publicly available social media data and no personally identifiable information was collected or disclosed, formal ethical approval was not required. Nevertheless, the study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national and institutional guidelines for research involving human data. Age labels were used solely for aggregate classification purposes, and no raw tweet content is shared in the publicly released dataset. As this study involved only the analysis of publicly available data from X and did not include direct recruitment or interaction with human participants, individual informed consent was not required.

: This study includes public X data, some of which may originate from users under 18. No personally identifiable information or raw tweet content is shared. Age labels are used strictly for aggregate analysis and classification. The dataset complies with X’s Developer Policy and relevant ethical research guidelines.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form that would require consent to publish.

: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT in order to improve the readability and language of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.