Kanthavel, R.
Dhaya, R.
Jayanthiladevi, A.
Rutakemwa, Maki Matandiko
Article History
Received: 16 February 2026
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 15 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted using publicly available, de-identified datasets (MIMIC-IV and eICU Collaborative Research Database). Both databases contain anonymized patient data and were collected with institutional review board approval by the respective institutions. As this study involved secondary analysis of fully de-identified data, additional ethical approval and informed consent were not required. This research is based entirely on publicly available and de-identified datasets, and no individual-level participation was involved.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any identifiable personal data, images, or information requiring consent for publication.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.