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Authors
Tewelgne, Makda Fekadie
Yehuala, Tirualem Zeleke
Aweke, Mekuriaw Nibret
Abuhay, Habtamu Wagnew
Limenih, Miteku Andualem
Tewoligne, Selamawite Fekadie
Baykemagn, Nebebe Demis
Alemu, Gebrie Getu
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 2 September 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: The study was based on publicly available data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. Permission to access and use the datasets was obtained from the DHS Program website ( ) after submitting a brief study description. Ethical approval for DHS data collection was obtained by the DHS Program from the ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB) and from the national ethics review committees of each participating country. The surveys were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants by the DHS Program prior to data collection. The datasets were anonymized, and no personal identifiers were used in this secondary analysis. No additional ethical approval was required for this study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing Interests: All authors declared that they have no any competing interest.
