Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 December 2025

Revised: 31 March 2026

Accepted: 5 April 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This research is part of a broader project titled “Renewable Energy , Clean Cooking , and the Sub-Saharan African Environment.” Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Navrongo Health Research Centre Institutional Review Board (NHRCIRB) under project ID NHRCIRB777. Further ethical approval was obtained through active engagement with local communities and endorsement by community leaders. Prior to participation, all individuals gave both verbal and written informed consent. The cooking trials used everyday household methods familiar to participants, minimizing risk. The study upheld key ethical principles, including voluntary participation, cultural respect, and confidentiality.

: All relevant ethical approvals and informed consent procedures were conducted in line with the targeted journal’s submission guidelines.

: The research is approved for publication.

: The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest, whether financial or personal, that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.