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Authors
Zhang, Wengang
Zhao, Wencheng
Chen, Xuan
Chen, Xuyang
Ye, Li
Chen, Zhimin
Huang, Lihua
Xu, Kandi
Liu, Xinyue
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF0705300)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52272281; 52473144)
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Revised: 23 June 2026
Accepted: 30 June 2026
First Online: 31 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The retrospective study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (reference number 2020LY032), with informed consent requirements waived due to the use of anonymized and deidentified data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: All authors declare no financial or non-financial competing interests.
