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Authors
Kochis, Michael A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2596-0425
Tang, Rebecca B.
Warwick, James
Rothman, Deanna L. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4657-5164
Chen, Dandan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-080X
Greer, Jonathan B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-9710
Baker, Keith H.
Phitayakorn, Roy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8327-1484
Guzzetta, Angela A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Association for Surgical Education (2024 CESERT Pyramid “Gold” Grant)
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Revised: 6 September 2025
Accepted: 4 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This project was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Mass General Brigham and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
