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Article History

Received: 11 January 2025

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 9 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical research principles and procedures following the declaration of Helsinki ethical principles. All participants were informed about the objectives of the study and gave their informed consent to participate in the study. Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. They were given comprehensive instructions and any concerns or questions were addressed promptly. The confidentiality and privacy of all participants were maintained throughout the study. To maintain anonymity, the data collected were anonymized and used for research purposes only. The study procedures and data collection methods were designed to minimize any potential harm or discomfort to the participants. The requirement for ethical approval for this study is waved off by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, because it does not involve clinical trials on humans or animals.

: The seeds of the selected plant species were identified utilizing reputable botanical resources maintained within the seed bank of the medicinal plants research institute at Jihad University (Alborz, Iran).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.