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Article History

Received: 17 May 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 27 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Plant access and collection practices were complied with national guidelines and legislation, specifically the Plant Variety Protection Act (1999) of Thailand, with the right permits, and in accordance with good academic practice. Permission for the collection of plant sample was taken from the farm owner; Mr. Wachara Phosuwun. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chaisak Chansriniyom from Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University had identified the plant material with a consent to harvest and collect the plant sample with the voucher specimen of MKCSA 0324. The voucher specimen was deposited for further reference at Phytocosmetics and Cosmeceuticals Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, where it is publicly accessible. All animal protocols were carried out according to the guidelines of Department of Health, The Government of Hong Kong SAR. The experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by Animal Ethics Committee at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) University (Reference No.: (15–50) in DH/SHS/8/2/2 Pt.2).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.