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Authors
Lee, Yu Zhao
Amini, Farahnaz
Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing
Memon, Muhammad Akbar
Ahmad, Amaluddin
Tan, Chung Keat
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SKK06/UCSI/02/3)
UCSI University (REIG-FMHS-2024/022)
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Article History
Received: 15 August 2025
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: The additional measurements of salivary sIgA, MPO, TAC, and MDA were incorporated through a protocol amendment approved under the same approval code IEC-2023-FMHS-019 by the UCSI Institutional Ethics Committee (UCSI IEC). The study was conducted in full compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and Malaysia’s Good Clinical Practice [ ]. The study protocol was approved by UCSI Institutional Ethics Committee (UCSI IEC) Malaysia with the approval code IEC-2023-FMHS-019. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
