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Authors
Rachman, Agus Bahar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5668-4892
Ilham, Fahrul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-8409
Hakim, Lukman https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8057-9118
Jambang, Nicolays https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4632-0287
Metaragakusuma, Andi Patiware https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2651-7038
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan (14200102)
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan (14200102)
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: Permission to conduct this research was obtained from the Faculty Board of the Faculty of Agriculture, State University of Gorontalo, in accordance with the standard operating procedures established by the institution’s Research and Development Committee. This study did not involve the use or handling of live animals, including breeding or maintenance within an animal facility. The procedures for the collection, processing, and utilization of milk materials in this study adhered to all applicable local, national, and international ethical guidelines for the use of animal-derived products in scientific research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
