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Authors
Shashi, Njile Isack
Bett, Hillary Kiplangat
Mathenge, Mary
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The ethical approval for this study was granted by the Tanzania’ Commission of Science and Technology (COSTECH), permit number CST00000653-2024-2024-00791. The COSTECH has its own ethics committee which approves all types of research conducted in Tanzania including those not involving human participants in accordance to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) ethics. In that regard, the approval was obtained from the COSTECH on that behalf. Participation of respondents in this study was voluntary as farmers were briefed on the purpose of the study and asked for consent prior to data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all respondents.
: Not applicable.
: All methods used in the study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of the ethics committee listed in the ethics statement.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
