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Authors
Rahman, Ahmad Gunardi
Muchtadi, Tien R.
Darniadi, Sandi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-8996
Rachmat, Ridwan
Widodo, Puji
Budiharti, Uning
Ayustaningwarno, Fitriyono https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5449
Ayu, Azzahra Mutiara https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0755-0106
Setyadjit, Setyadjit
Setyabudi, Dondy A.
Widowati, Sri
Fauziyah, Nur
Ifie, Idolo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8966-6009
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Buchi Indonesia (Grant Year 2021)
Universitas Diponegoro (Grant number: 95/UN7.A/HK/VIII/2024)
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Article History
Received: 12 April 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Declarations
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: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Komisi Etik Bidang Kimia , Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) , with ethical clearance approval No: 219/KE.04/SK/08/2025. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The authors confirm that all human research participants provided informed consent to participate in this study.
: The authors confirm that all human research participants involved in the study provided explicit consent for the publication of their data and images.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
