Lee, Ah-Suat
Mohamad Yusof, Nurul Afidah
Khor, Saw-Chin
Ng, Yen-Hong
Ching, Suet-Ling
Lau, Lin-Sea
Prima Sakti, Muhammad Rizky
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SS06/UTAR/03/1)
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2022-C1/L01)
Article History
Received: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Scientific and Ethical Review Committee (U/SERC/258/2022), and all stages of the study were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Participants consented to the use of anonymised data for research dissemination. They were assured that all information provided would be treated with strict confidentiality and that no personally identifiable details would be disclosed. All data presented in the manuscript have been fully anonymized and do not contain any identifying information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.