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Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental procedures involving animals were conducted at the Animal Experiment Laboratory of the Center for Nutrition and Food Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The study protocol was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. Ethical approval was granted under the reference number 075/ECH/KEPK/FK-UNDIP/VII/2024. All research activities were conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines set forth by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS).

: This study applies plant ethics in accordance with plant guidelines by treating plants with respect, paying attention to sustainability, avoiding environmental damage, preserving biodiversity, and promoting the common good and scientific integrity. It also includes ensuring data integrity and preventing damage to the ecosystem during sampling. This study focuses on balancing scientific benefits with the conservation of biological resources in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The collection of the plants/plant materials used in our study complied with local and national guidelines. The yellow sweet potatoes used in this study are of the Sari variety, sourced from Malang, East Java, Indonesia, the second-largest sweet potato-growing region in Indonesia. It is located between 112° 06’ – 112° 07’ East Longitude (EL) and 7° 06’ – 8° 02’ South Latitude (SL).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.