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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 1 March 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in full compliance with the ethical guidelines and procedural standards of Bahir Dar University.The proposal for this study was initially examined and authorized by the academic commission (AC) of the Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension during the 2023 academic year, before the approval of Bahir Dar University’s standard operating procedure. The proposal was thoroughly reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of Bahir Dar University. The associated research tools and respondents’ informed consent procedures were reviewed retrospectively. Consequently, the University determined that the proposal met the ethical standards and issued an IRB certificate dated April 3, 2023, confirming that the proposal complies with all required ethical guidelines.

: Informed consent was obtained from all respondents before the interview. The respondents were informed that the purpose of the study was solely academic. Their participation was voluntary, and all information collected would be kept confidential. Furthermore, respondents were approached in a respectful and friendly manner during the data collection period and were given the full freedom to withdraw at any time if they felt uncomfortable. Participation in the survey was entirely voluntary. All individuals who agreed to participate were deemed to have provided informed consent, whereas those who declined participation were excluded from the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.