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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 20 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was performed under the national ethical standards of the Higher Education Proclamation No 1152/2019 and Woldia University Senate legislation, Dissertation, and Thesis Guideline of March 2020. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (IRERC) of the College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Woldia University with Ref. No WU/S/S/C/R/C/E/335/2025 on 08/04/2025. Moreover, this study was conducted in full accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including respect for participants’ rights, informed voluntary consent, protection of privacy and confidentiality, and prior approval by an independent ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: Informed consent was orally obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.