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Article History

Received: 20 October 2025

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical clearance for the primary survey was obtained from the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) Research and Ethics Committee and formally registered with the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST). The NARO granted permission to utilize the secondary dataset for this study. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. To uphold respondent confidentiality and privacy, all data were fully anonymized before analysis. This study utilized secondary household-level data from the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) Impact Evaluation Survey. The original data collection was conducted in accordance with ethical standards, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.