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Authors
Zaini, Mohd Al-Hafiz
Aaqillah-Amr, Mohd Amran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-9812
Seng, Tan Hock
Bakar, Kamariah
Karim, Nurul Ulfah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1882-0360
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education (56067)
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Article History
Received: 12 January 2026
Accepted: 22 April 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Declarations
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: The shrimp used in this study were purchased alive from local suppliers. All handling and experimental procedures complied with the guidelines of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) to ensure humane treatment during post-harvest experiments. No procedures requiring formal ethical committee approval were involved. The Piper betle leaves were collected from naturally growing, non-protected plants in Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia. The species is widely available and not classified as endangered or protected in Malaysia; therefore, no collection permit or licence was required. Plant identification was confirmed using standard references. This study did not involve human participants
: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants or identifiable personal data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
