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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 16 May 2026

Declarations

:

: A questionnaire-based coffee farm household survey was used in this study. It was conducted in accordance with internationally accepted ethical standards. Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the research and community engagement committee of Wollega University prior to data collection. All procedures involving human participants were performed in compliance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of the university.

: All participants involved in this study were coffee farm household heads (adults), aged 18 years and older in Abe Dongoro district of Oromia regional state, in western Ethiopia. Moreover, every individual participant in this study gave their informed consent. The goal of the study, the methods used, the possible risks and advantages, and their freedom to discontinue participation at any moment without repercussions were all fully disclosed to the participants. Participants’ anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained in compliance with ethical research guidelines, and participation in the study was entirely voluntary.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.