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Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 6 July 2026

First Online: 6 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The requirement for ethics approval was waived by the ethics committee of the Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences. The reason for waiving was that this study presented minimal risk to participants, and all data were collected anonymously, in accordance with institutional and ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the survey.

Consent for publication: Informed consent to publish was granted.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Accordance statement: All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences (MUBAS) Research Ethics Committee and adhered to the principles outlined in the Malawi National Commission for Science and Technology (NCST) Research Ethics Guidelines, ensuring full compliance throughout the study.