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Authors
Abdoulaye, Nourou Dine https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5455-0923
Akpo, Ibidon Firmin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9557-7600
Houessingbé, Zachée https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8440-2842
Lawin, Igor Tchétan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3753-7045
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2025
Accepted: 7 July 2026
First Online: 22 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Parakou and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). All procedures involving human participants complied with the relevant institutional and national research ethics standards. Ethics approval was obtained from the Vice-Rectorate for Research (Vice-Rectorat Chargé de la Recherche) of the University of Parakou, which serves as the institutional body responsible for research ethics review at the University, under registration number 539-2025/UP/R/VR-RU/SA. Informed consent was obtained from all the individual participants included in the study.
Consent for publication: Participants consented to the use of anonymized data for research dissemination. They were assured that all the information provided would be treated with strict confidentiality and that no personally identifiable details would be disclosed. All the data presented in the manuscript have been fully anonymized and do not contain any identifying information.
Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
