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Article History

Received: 7 February 2026

Accepted: 27 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study, including the sensory evaluation involving human panelists, was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, under approval number IR.FUM.REC.1403.03011. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. No wild or cultivated plants or plant parts were collected directly by the authors for the present study. All plant-derived materials, including orange juice (from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and gum materials (Tragacanth, Persian, and myrrh gums), were obtained from commercial sources in Iran, and the botanitaliical origins of the gum materials were verified at the Herbarium of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Therefore, no specific permission or licence for plant collection was required. The use of these materials complied with applicable local and national guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all panelists before their participation in the sensory evaluation. The panelists were informed about the purpose and procedures of the evaluation, and their participation was voluntary.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. No personal or identifiable information from individual participants is reported in this manuscript.

AI declaration: During preparation of this manuscript, the authors used ChatGPT as an editorial support tool for language refinement and manuscript wording. No AI tool was used to generate or alter experimental data. All scientific statements, analyses, interpretations, references, and final revisions were reviewed and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the content of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.