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Article History

Received: 28 April 2024

Accepted: 16 January 2025

First Online: 30 January 2025

Declarations

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: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Science and Technology—Ho Chi Minh City University of Education. Additionally, the present study followed the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki [] and adhered to the principles set forth by the American Psychological Association [] regarding research involving human participants. These ethical guidelines were strictly followed to ensure that the research was conducted in accordance with established ethical standards, prioritizing the well-being, rights, and privacy of the individuals involved. All participants in this study agreed to participate after being provided with informed consent, which included clear explanations of the study’s purpose, potential risks, and benefits. The informed consent statement also outlined the research objectives, the terms of anonymity and confidentiality, the responsibilities of the participants, and their right to withdraw from the study. In our study, eight young people aged 17 provided their consent to participate in the research, and no legal or ethical principle requires the provision of parental consent on their behalf []. Furthermore, these participants have attained the Vietnam-determined age to consent to study-related procedures, and their participation in this study does not pose more than a minor increase in minimal risk of harm [–].

: The authors declare no competing interests.