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Authors
Chukwusa, Emeka
Wilson, Rebecca
Gaughran, Fiona
Gao, Wei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South London
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Article History
Received: 29 January 2025
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study used fully pseudonymised datasets and did not involve direct patient contact. Permission was granted by the King’s College London Research Ethics Committee (reference number: LRS-17/18-6943) to allow the secondary analysis of HES-APC and ONS linked data. All methods were carried out in accordance with ethic guidelines and regulations. This study does not involve human participants. Only pseudonymised data was used in this study and therefore patient consent was not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
