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Authors
Kwon, Soyoung
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2025
Accepted: 25 July 2025
First Online: 2 August 2025
Declarations
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: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
: This study utilized secondary data from the Understanding America Study (UAS), which was originally collected by the University of Southern California’s Center for Economic and Social Research. The UAS adheres to ethical guidelines and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Southern California (IRB Protocol No. 22-030-1044). This study utilized de-identified secondary data from the UAS. Since no direct interaction with participants occurred and the data were anonymized, the secondary analysis conducted for this study was deemed exempt from further ethical review by the author’s institution.
