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Article History

Received: 28 January 2025

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 29 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Two separate ethical approvals were obtained for this study. The first was granted by the Durham University Ethics Committee, ensuring that all research procedures complied with institutional, national, and disciplinary ethical standards, including the guidelines of the Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth. Additionally, the Research Ethics Committee of the Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria approved the data collection conducted within the hospital and permitted the use of the data. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Due to the sensitive nature of the research and the cultural context—where participants are often reluctant to sign formal documents—verbal consent was deemed more appropriate and was obtained in accordance with recognised ethical practices for anthropological fieldwork.

: Verbal consent for the publication of anonymised data was obtained from all participants. To safeguard participant confidentiality, all identifiable information has been excluded or anonymised. This approach aligns with ethical standards for qualitative and ethnographic research, where written consent may compromise participant privacy or create undue concern.