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Article History

Received: 12 March 2025

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 19 August 2025

Declarations

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: This study involves secondary analysis of aggregated-level data from published studies or publicly available databases. All original studies were approved by the respective institutional review boards at the time of publication and comply with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This secondary analysis study does not involve direct contact with or collection of new human subject data or biological samples. Therefore, in accordance with the regulations of the Ethics Review Committee of the 910th Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, no additional ethical approval is required. The conduct of this study strictly adhered to all relevant data usage agreements and ethical guidelines. This study uses publicly available, de-identified summary statistics that do not contain any personally identifiable information. Therefore, it is not necessary to obtain new informed consent specifically for this study. The informed consent process for participants in the original studies was completed during the data generation phase (i.e., in the original GWAS and metabolite studies), which were approved by the respective ethics committees and obtained written informed consent from all participants to use their data for future genetic and health-related research.

: All data used in this study are publicly available summary statistics from published literature or public databases. The results reported in this study are based solely on summary-level statistical analyses and do not disclose any information that could identify individuals. Therefore, no additional consent is required for the publication of the results of this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.