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Authors
Vu, Truong Vuong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2933-3178
Nguyen-Duong, Bao-Tran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4773-8056
Le, Ha Thi Thu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-7492
Van Nguyen, Tuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-270X
Le, Vy Truc https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1008-2380
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Article History
Received: 23 January 2025
Accepted: 22 September 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted as part of an undergraduate thesis project. According to our institutional regulations, such projects are exempt from formal IRB approval, provided that they strictly comply with institutional and international IRB guidelines. The study complies with the ethical principles and standards for research in the social sciences and humanities, as promulgated in Decision No. 4111/QĐ-ĐHSP dated December 27, 2022, by the Rector of Ho Chi Minh City University of Education. Additionally, the study was conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to the principles outlined by the American Psychological Association.
: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and consent to its publication.
: All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and voluntarily provided their consent to participate.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
