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Article History

Received: 12 May 2025

Accepted: 23 October 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical concerns were addressed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethics review committee at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana, provided their clearance (HuSSREC/AP/S/VOL.3). Adolescents in this study provided written informed consent before participating. Furthermore, formal informed agreement was sought from the parents of teenagers who were classified as minors (younger than 18 years).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.