Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 3 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures involving human participants were conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional and national research committees, as well as the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Authorization to use the DASS-42 questionnaire for this research was obtained via email. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee and the Research and Development Committee of the Herat University Faculty of Medicine on January 23, 2021, under protocol number 18. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Before providing written consent, all students received a detailed explanation of the purpose of the research.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s or publisher’s data in any form that would require consent for publication.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.