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Article History

Received: 31 January 2026

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 25 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study proposal was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Asia Pacific in Dhaka, Bangladesh, for ethics approval. We obtained ethical approval from this Research Ethics Committee (Reference: UAP/REC/2022/105). We sought approval from other authorities where required (e.g., school authorities). We prepared consent forms for participating children and adolescents, parents, and class teachers/supervisors in the local language describing the nature and purpose of the survey. We collected the data anonymously and complied with data protection legislation. We conducted the present research by the guidelines specified in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: We obtained written informed consent from participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.