Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 30 April 2026

First Online: 7 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study obtained ethical approval from the Ethical Review Board under the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University (approval number: 20252173; approval date: May 21, 2025). This ethical approval encompasses all aspects of the study detailed in the present manuscript, including participant recruitment, questionnaire surveys, data collection, and data analysis. All study procedures were conducted in strict compliance with the ethical standards formulated by institutional and national research supervision committees, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines and regulatory requirements. Furthermore, it is confirmed that no vulnerable populations were enrolled as participants in this research. Each participant received a standardized written informed consent form that fully outlined the study’s objectives, methodological steps, measures to guarantee data anonymity and confidentiality, potential risks, and the core principle of voluntary participation—including the unconditional right to decline enrollment or withdraw from the study at any stage without incurring any adverse consequences. As a prerequisite for accessing the questionnaire, participants were required to carefully review the consent form and explicitly confirm their agreement via either a physical signature or electronic consent acknowledgment. In addition, the consent form contained explicit authorization for the use of de-identified participant data for legitimate academic research and publication purposes. It is further verified that the study was categorized as minimal risk, as it did not involve any physical interventions, psychological manipulation, or other procedures that might potentially harm participants. Through this comprehensive and ethically rigorous process, all individuals included in the study provided valid and explicit informed consent.

: Consent for publication was obtained from all authors and participants (the study involved anonymous questionnaire data without identifiable information).

: The authors declare no competing interests.