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Authors
Smith, Alexander
Graña, Juan
Bitterlich, Norman
Colangelo, Jill
Bigard, Xavier
Buadze, Ana
Liebrenz, Michael
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Declarations
:
: Prior to data collection, a request for ethical review was submitted to the Ethics Commission of the Canton of Bern (Reference number: Req-2024-00954). The Commission determined that the study falls outside the scope of the Swiss Human Research Act (HRA/HFG); therefore, formal ethical approval was waived based on this legislation. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: ML runs a dedicated outpatient clinic for riders who are members of the national cycling team of Switzerland. The other authors have no competing interests to declare.
