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Article History

Received: 8 February 2026

Accepted: 5 April 2026

First Online: 2 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with internationally accepted ethical standards for research involving human data, including the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research used a publicly available dataset obtained from Mendeley that contains fully de-identified facial images and does not include any personally identifiable information. No new human participants were recruited, and no direct interaction with participants occurred. Therefore, formal ethical approval and informed consent were not required.

: Not applicable. This study used publicly available, anonymized data and does not contain any identifiable information of individual participants.