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Authors
Samsiah Sani, Nor
Al-Slivani, Mudatheer M.
Kadhim, Mayameen S.
Dheyaa Radhi, Ahmed
Al-Khamees, Hussein A. A.
Ali Othman, Zulaiha
Aliff Afira Sani, Mohd
Mansoor Al-Amri, Rusul
Amin Almaiah, Mohammed
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (FRGS/1/2024/ICT06/UKM/02/3)
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2025
Revised: 26 February 2026
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
