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Article History

Received: 12 April 2026

Revised: 13 June 2026

Accepted: 29 June 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Declarations

Ethical Approval: This study is based exclusively on a publicly available dataset, the Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphones Dataset, obtained from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The authors did not perform any experiments involving human participants or animals. The dataset used in this study is anonymized and was previously collected by the original investigators, who are responsible for obtaining ethical approval and informed consent. Therefore, ethical approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or ethics committee was not required for this study.

Consent to Participate: This study uses a publicly available dataset, the Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphones Dataset, obtained from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The dataset is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The authors did not collect any primary data involving human participants. All data were previously collected and anonymized by the original dataset creators, who are responsible for obtaining informed consent from participants. Therefore, no additional consent to participate was required for this study.

Human Ethics and Consent to Participate: Not applicable. This study is based exclusively on a publicly available dataset, the Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphones Dataset, obtained from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The authors did not collect any data involving human participants. The dataset is fully anonymized, and all ethical approvals and participant consent were managed by the original data providers.

Consent to Publish: All authors have given their consent to publish.

Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.